VA族元素对阳极铅(Ⅱ)氧化物膜半导体性质的影响(Ⅱ)

用光电化学电流法研究了铅、铅砷、铅锑和铅铋合金在4．5mol·L－1H2SO4溶液（22℃）中，以0．9V（vs．Hg／Hg2SO4）极化7h而形成的阳极膜中的氧化铅的半导体性质，合金添加剂砷、锑和铋对t－PbO（四方氧化铝）和o-PbO（斜方氧化铝）的禁带宽度没有影响，从量子效率和电位的关系可求Pb，Pb－lat％As（at％表示原子百分比，全文同），Pb-lat％Sb和Sb－lat％Bi上膜中t－Pbo的施主密度（ND）分别为9．3×1015，1．0×1016，3．1×1016和1．3×1017cm-3，平带位分别为-0．20，－0．22，－0．28和-0．08V（vs．Hg／Hg2SO4）．比较VA元素砷、锑和铋对上述膜中t－Pbo的ND（从而自由电子密度）和膜中t－Pbo的生长速率的影响，可认为法添加剂砷、锑和铋对阳极膜中t-Pbo的作用符合Hauffe规则．     

Metabolomic-based investigation of Yinlan alleviating hyperlipidemia by inhibiting blood stasis and phlegm turbidity through the PXR-CYP3A4-ABCB1-FXR pathway

Yinlan lipid regulatory capsule (YL) is a composite traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) new drug to alleviate hyperlipidemia, while its therapeutic mechanism in vivo was not clarified with nontargeted metabolomics investigation. An animal model was established in rats fed a high-fat diet, and their body weights, body mass index (BMI) and blood cholesterol levels were measured. Serum, liver and kidney tissue samples were also extracted for PXR-CYP3A4-ABCB1-FXR signaling pathway research using PCR and UHPLC–MS. The obtained plasma samples were analyzed by UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS metabolomic investigation, which revealed PXR-CYP3A4-related metabolites and changes induced by YL. Finally, the key metabolites were chosen as index components, and their levels in the serum, liver, small intestine and bile were used for simultaneous UHPLC–MS-MS determination. The results indicated that YL was effective in rebalancing blood TG and TC levels (compared to controls). With respect to the PXR-CYP3A4-ABCB1 pathway, as a result of YL’s effect, gene expression or activity of the two targets decreased significantly in both the liver and kidney. The same trend was observed in the serum samples mentioned above. Metabolomics screening and data revealed that 44 metabolites can be regarded as biomarkers related to hyperlipidemia, fatty acids synthesis, and body energy consumption, as well as synthesis, transportation and exertion of cholesterol. YL’s treatment focused on 26 of them, primarily bile acids, indicating that the antihyperlipidemic effect of this drug lies in its inhibitory activity of cholesterol metabolism. Subsequent analysis of those in vivo components revealed that significant increases (compared to the model group) occurred in the blood, liver, small intestine and bile in groups that received medium and high doses of YL (while the low dose was relatively unchanged). Those target components exhibit a close relationship with PXR and/or CYP3A4. The use of YL repressed PXR expression and subsequently decreased CYP3A4 activity. As a result, synthesis of related bile acids increased, while cholesterol levels decreased, consequently leading to the attenuation of hyperlipidemia. This study comprehensively investigated the antihyperlipidemia mechanism of YL based on its repression of PXR-CYP3A4 activity and related metabolite yield, establishing an accurate method for evaluating the therapeutic effect of YL.     

Diffusion current on a nonuniform electrode: Calculation with integral equations

Identity of mathematical problems concerning calculation of the distribution of reactants’ concentrations and the current near the surface of a nonuniform (strip) electrode and distribution of displacements and forces in the case of an elastic layer “antiplane” deformation caused by the punch action. Formulas for calculating the current at a strip electrode are derived for various ratios between the electrode width and the diffusion layer thickness by means of asymptotic methods designed for calculating problems of mechanical contact interactions. It is noted that calculations of the diffusion current for involved activity distributions at the electrode surface may benefit from asymptotic methods of mechanics of contact interactions.     

Superpositioned dielectrophoresis for enhanced trapping efficiency

One of the major applications for dielectrophoresis is selective trapping and fractionation of particles. If the surrounding medium is of low conductivity, the trapping force is high, but if the conductivity increases, the attraction decreases and may even become negative. However, high-conductivity media are essential when working with biological material such as living cells. In this paper, some basic calculations have been performed, and a model has been developed which employs both positive and negative dielectrophoresis in a channel with interdigitated electrodes. The finite element method was utilized to predict the trajectories of Escherichia coli bacteria in the superpositioned electrical fields. It is shown that a drastic improvement of trapping efficiency can be obtained in this way, when a high conductivity medium is employed.     

Kinetics and mechanism of gold dissolution in thiourea solutions: Effect of sulfide ions

Chronoamperograms for gold in solutions containing 0.1 M thiourea, 0.5 M H₂SO₄, and catalytically active sulfide ions at the concentration c ₁ from 1 × 10^?5 to 4 × 10^?5 M are obtained at different potentials with the aid of an automated setup intended for renewing the electrode surface directly in the solution by cutting off a thin surface layer of the metal. It is shown that the results of measurements of the current practically coincide at a constant value of the product c ₁ t, where t is the time period elapsed after the renewal of the electrode surface. Such a coincidence testifies to a diffusion nature of processes that hamper accumulation of sulfide ions at the gold surface. This fact permitted the use of a procedure developed previously for the calculation of polarization curves at constant values of surface coverage θ by catalytically active ions. At θ = const, the voltammetric curves for gold in sulfide-containing thiourea solutions are shown to correspond to the Tafel equation. With the surface coverage increasing, the effective values of the exchange current i ₀, transfer coefficient α, and anodic reaction order with respect to thiourea P _a increase from the values i }~ 10^?5 A cm^?2, α }~ 0.12, and P _a = 0.2, which are characteristic of pure solutions, to 2 × 10^?4 A cm^?2, α }~ 0.5, and P _a = 1.1 (at θ }~ 0.5). An interpretation to the established regularities is given.     

Solid-state nanopores for ion and small molecule analysis

Solid-state nanopore in analytical chemistry has developed rapidly in the 1990s and it is proved to be a versatile new tool for bioanalytical chemistry. This review focuses on the analysis of ions and small molecules with nanopores including nanopipettes, polymer film nanopores, Si₃N₄ nanopores, graphene nanopores, MoS₂ nanopores and MOFs.     

Mass transfer to horizontal gas-generating electrodes

Mass transfer to a horizontal electrode during electrolytic evolution of oxygen and hydrogen at current densities of 100 to 10 000 A/m² is studied. The mass transfer intensity is evaluated from the diffusion layer thickness, which varies from 60 to 5 μm at such current densities. Calculations show that the decrease in the diffusion layer thickness is due to bubbles with a stationary interphase surface crossing the diffusion layer. During the hydrogen evolution, the diffusion layer thickness is nearly the same for vertical and horizontal electrodes. During the oxygen evolution, the diffusion layer is much thinner for a horizontal electrode. Additional decrease of the diffusion layer thickness during the evolution of oxygen is associated with the lesser solution density in the near-electrode layer and with its transport away by means of natural convection.     

电化学合成聚苯胺粉末电极的电化学行为研究

我们曾用慢速动电位扫描法研究化学合成聚苯胺粉末的电化学行为.本文对恒电位电解合成聚苯胺粉末进行了研究.用这种方法制备的粉末由于合成溶液中不含氧化剂因而纯度高.本文还报导了这种聚苯胺粉末电极的交流阻抗测量结果.交流阻抗法曾用于聚苯胺膜的电导和化学合成聚吡咯的电阻测定. 所用盐酸、氟硼酸、硅氟酸、苯胺均为分析纯;苯胺经常压蒸馏提纯;硫酸为超纯;磷酸为分析纯;高氯酸为优级纯.溶液皆用两次蒸馏水配制.     

Detecting DNA Damage with a Silver Solid Amalgam Electrode

Mercury electrodes modified with supercoiled (sc) DNA have been used as highly sensitive tools for the detection of DNA strand breaks or as sensors for DNA cleaving substances. In this paper we show that silver solid amalgam electrode (AgSAE), in connection with alternating current voltammetry, provides similar information about DNA damage as the hanging mercury drop electrode. The AgSAE can be used for the detection of enzymatic or chemical DNA cleavage in solution or at the electrode surface. AgSAE modified with scDNA can be utilized as a sensor for DNA nicking substances.     

1H-CRAMPS Solid-State NMR and X-Ray Crystal Studies of Inclusion Complexes Formed from 3,3′-bis(9-Hydroxy-9-fluorenyl)-2,2′-binaphthyl Hosts with Acetone

The crystal structures of inclusion compounds of 3,3-bis(9-hydroxy-9-fluorenyl)-2,2-binaphthyl host (1) and its chloro (2) or bromo (3) derivatives substituted in 2,7-positions of the fluorene units with acetone guests (1A–3A) were determined by X-ray studies as well as by ¹H-CRAMPS solid-state NMR. Using this NMR technique allows identification of differently bound guest molecules due to their different chemical shifts caused by the influence of the ring current effects of the host aryl units.